C Concrete Syntax

Java Syntax Specification

Programs

1. <goal> ::= <compilation unit>

2. <compilation unit> ::= <package declaration>? <import declarations>? <type declarations>?

Declarations

3. <package declaration> ::= package <package name> ;

4. <import declarations> ::= <import declaration>
| <import declarations> <import declaration>

5. <import declaration> ::= <single type import declaration>
| <type import on demand declaration>

6. <single type import declaration> ::= import <type name> ;

7. <type import on demand declaration> ::= import <package name> . * ;

8. <type declarations> ::= <type declaration> | <type declarations> <type declaration>

9. <type declaration> ::= <class declaration> | <interface declaration> | ;

10. <class declaration> ::= <class modifiers>? class <identifier> <super>?
<interfaces>? <class body>

11. <class modifiers> ::= <class modifier> | <class modifiers> <class modifier>

12. <class modifier> ::= public | abstract | final

13. <super> ::= extends <class type>

14. <interfaces> ::= implements <interface type list>

15. <interface type list> ::= <interface type> | <interface type list> , <interface type>

16. <class body> ::= { <class body declarations>? }

17. <class body declarations> ::= <class body declaration>
| <class body declarations> <class body declaration>

18. <class body declaration> ::= <class member declaration>
| <static initializer> | <constructor declaration>

19. <class member declaration> ::= <field declaration> | <method declaration>

20. <static initializer> ::= static <block>

21. <constructor declaration> ::= <constructor modifiers>? <constructor declarator>
<throws>? <constructor body>

22. <constructor modifiers> ::= <constructor modifier>
| <constructor modifiers> <constructor modifier>

23. <constructor modifier> ::= public | protected | private

24. <constructor declarator> ::= <simple type name> ( <formal parameter list>? )

25. <formal parameter list> ::= <formal parameter>
| <formal parameter list> , <formal parameter>

26. <formal parameter> ::= <type> <variable declarator id>

27. <throws> ::= throws <class type list>

28. <class type list> ::= <class type> | <class type list> , <class type>

29. <constructor body> ::= { <explicit constructor invocation>? <block statements>? }

30. <explicit constructor invocation>::= this ( <argument list>? )
| super ( <argument list>? )

31. <field declaration> ::= <field modifiers>? <type> <variable declarators> ;

32. <field modifiers> ::= <field modifier>
| <field modifiers> <field modifier>

34. <variable declarators> ::= <variable declarator>
| <variable declarators> , <variable declarator>

35. <variable declarator> ::= <variable declarator id>
| <variable declarator id> = <variable initializer>

36. <variable declarator id> ::= <identifier> | <variable declarator id> [ ]

37. <variable initializer> ::= <expression> | <array initializer>

38. <method declaration> ::= <method header> <method body>

39. <method header> ::=
<method modifiers>? <result type> <method declarator> <throws>?

40. <result type> ::= <type> | void

41. <method modifiers> ::= <method modifier> | <method modifiers> <method modifier>

43. <method declarator> ::= <identifier> ( <formal parameter list>? )

44. <method body> ::= <block> | ;

45. <interface declaration> ::= <interface modifiers>? interface <identifier>
<extends interfaces>? <interface body>

46. <interface modifiers> ::= <interface modifier>
| <interface modifiers> <interface modifier>

47. <interface modifier> ::= public | abstract

48. <extends interfaces> ::= extends <interface type>
| <extends interfaces> , <interface type>

49. <interface body> ::= { <interface member declarations>? }

50. <interface member declarations> ::= <interface member declaration>
| <interface member declarations> <interface member declaration>

51. <interface member declaration> ::= <constant declaration>
| <abstract method declaration>

52. <constant declaration> ::= <constant modifiers> <type> <variable declarator>

53. <constant modifiers> ::= public | static | final

54. <abstract method declaration>::=
<abstract method modifiers>? <result type> <method declarator> <throws>? ;

55. <abstract method modifiers> ::= <abstract method modifier>
| <abstract method modifiers> <abstract method modifier>

56. <abstract method modifier> ::= public | abstract

57. <array initializer> ::= { <variable initializers>? , ? }

58. <variable initializers> ::= <variable initializer>
| <variable initializers> , <variable initializer>

59. <variable initializer> ::= <expression> | <array initializer>

Types

60. <type> ::= <primitive type> | <reference type>

61. <primitive type> ::= <numeric type> | boolean

62. <numeric type> ::= <integral type> | <floating-point type>

63. <integral type> ::= byte | short | int | long | char

64. <floating-point type> ::= float | double

65. <reference type> ::= <class or interface type> | <array type>

66. <class or interface type> ::= <class type> | <interface type>

67. <class type> ::= <type name>

68. <interface type> ::= <type name>

69. <array type> ::= <type> [ ]

Blocks and Commands

70. <block> ::= { <block statements>? }

71. <block statements> ::= <block statement> | <block statements> <block statement>

72. <block statement> ::= <local variable declaration statement> | <statement>

73. <local variable declaration statement> ::= <local variable declaration> ;

74. <local variable declaration> ::= <type> <variable declarators>

      76.      <statement no short if> ::= <statement without trailing substatement>
                                                      | <labeled statement no short if> | <if then else statement no short if>
                                                      | <while statement no short if> | <for statement no short if>

78. <empty statement> ::= ;

79. <labeled statement> ::= <identifier> : <statement>

80. <labeled statement no short if> ::= <identifier> : <statement no short if>

81. <expression statement> ::= <statement expression> ;

83. <if then statement>::= if ( <expression> ) <statement>

      84.      <if then else statement>::= if ( <expression> ) <statement no short if> else <statement>
      85.      <if then else statement no short if> ::= if ( <expression> ) <statement no short if>
                                                                                                                              else <statement no short if>

86. <switch statement> ::= switch ( <expression> ) <switch block>

87. <switch block> ::= { <switch block statement groups>? <switch labels>? }

88. <switch block statement groups> ::= <switch block statement group>
| <switch block statement groups> <switch block statement group>

89. <switch block statement group> ::= <switch labels> <block statements>

90. <switch labels> ::= <switch label> | <switch labels> <switch label>

91. <switch label> ::= case <constant expression> : | default :

92. <while statement> ::= while ( <expression> ) <statement>

93. <while statement no short if> ::= while ( <expression> ) <statement no short if>

94. <do statement> ::= do <statement> while ( <expression> ) ;

95. <for statement> ::= for ( <for init>? ; <expression>? ; <for update>? ) <statement>

96. <for statement no short if> ::= for ( <for init>? ; <expression>? ; <for update>? )
<statement no short if>

97. <for init> ::= <statement expression list> | <local variable declaration>

98. <for update> ::= <statement expression list>

99. <statement expression list> ::= <statement expression>
| <statement expression list> , <statement expression>

100. <break statement> ::= break <identifier>? ;

102. <continue statement> ::= continue <identifier>? ;

103. <return statement> ::= return <expression>? ;

104. <throws statement> ::= throw <expression> ;

105. <synchronized statement> ::= synchronized ( <expression> ) <block>

106. <try statement> ::= try <block> <catches> | try <block> <catches>? <finally>

107. <catches> ::= <catch clause> | <catches> <catch clause>

108. <catch clause> ::= catch ( <formal parameter> ) <block>

109. <finally > ::= finally <block>

Expressions

110. <constant expression> ::= <expression>

111. <expression> ::= <assignment expression>

112. <assignment expression> ::= <conditional expression> | <assignment>

113. <assignment> ::= <left hand side> <assignment operator> <assignment expression>

114. <left hand side> ::= <expression name> | <field access> | <array access>

115. <assignment operator> ::= = | *= | /= | %= | += | -= | <<= | >>= | >>>= | &= | ^= | |=

116. <conditional expression> ::= <conditional or expression>
| <conditional or expression> ? <expression> : <conditional expression>

117. <conditional or expression> ::= <conditional and expression>
| <conditional or expression> || <conditional and expression>

118. <conditional and expression> ::= <inclusive or expression>
| <conditional and expression> && <inclusive or expression>

119. <inclusive or expression> ::= <exclusive or expression>
| <inclusive or expression> | <exclusive or expression>

120. <exclusive or expression> ::= <and expression>
| <exclusive or expression> ^ <and expression>

121. <and expression> ::= <equality expression>
| <and expression> & <equality expression>

     122.     <equality expression> ::= <relational expression>
                                                                        | <equality expression> == <relational expression>
                                                                        | <equality expression> != <relational expression>

     123.     <relational expression> ::= <shift expression>
                                                                        | <relational expression> <<shift expression>
                                                                        | <relational expression> > <shift expression>
                                                                        | <relational expression> <= <shift expression>
                                                                        | <relational expression> >= <shift expression>
                                                                        | <relational expression> instanceof <reference type>

     124.     <shift expression> ::= <additive expression>
                                                                        | <shift expression> << <additive expression>
                                                                        | <shift expression> >> <additive expression>
                                                                        | <shift expression> >>> <additive expression>

     125.     <additive expression> ::= <multiplicative expression>
                                                                                          | <additive expression> + <multiplicative expression>
                                                                                          | <additive expression> - <multiplicative expression>

     126.     <multiplicative expression> ::= <unary expression>
                                                                                          | <multiplicative expression> * <unary expression>
                                                                                          | <multiplicative expression> / <unary expression>
                                                                                          | <multiplicative expression> % <unary expression>

127. <cast expression> ::= ( <primitive type> ) <unary expression>
| ( <reference type> ) <unary expression not plus minus>

     128.     <unary expression> ::= <preincrement expression> | <predecrement expression>
                                                                        | + <unary expression> | - <unary expression>
                                                                        | <unary expression not plus minus>

129. <predecrement expression> ::= -- <unary expression>

130. <preincrement expression> ::= ++ <unary expression>

131. <unary expression not plus minus> ::= <postfix expression> | ~ <unary expression>
| ! <unary expression> | <cast expression>

132. <postdecrement expression> ::= <postfix expression> --

133. <postincrement expression> ::= <postfix expression> ++

134. <postfix expression> ::= <primary> | <expression name>
| <postincrement expression> | <postdecrement expression>

     135.     <method invocation> ::= <method name> ( <argument list>? )
                                                                        | <primary> . <identifier> ( <argument list>? )
                                                                        | super . <identifier> ( <argument list>? )

136. <field access> ::= <primary> . <identifier> | super . <identifier>

137. <primary> ::= <primary no new array> | <array creation expression>

139. <class instance creation expression> ::= new <class type> ( <argument list>? )

140. <argument list> ::= <expression> | <argument list> , <expression>

141. <array creation expression> ::= new <primitive type> <dim exprs> <dims>?
| new <class or interface type> <dim exprs> <dims>?

142. <dim exprs> ::= <dim expr> | <dim exprs> <dim expr>

143. <dim expr> ::= [ <expression> ]

144. <dims> ::= [ ] | <dims> [ ]

145. <array access> ::= <expression name> [ <expression> ] | <primary no new array> [ <expression>]

Tokens

146. <package name> ::= <identifier> | <package name> . <identifier>

147. <type name> ::= <identifier> | <package name> . <identifier>

148. <simple type name>> ::= <identifier>

149. <expression name> ::= <identifier> | <ambiguous name> . <identifier>

150. <method name> ::= <identifier> | <ambiguous name>. <identifier>

151. <ambiguous name>::= <identifier> | <ambiguous name>. <identifier>

153. <integer literal> ::= <decimal integer literal> | <hex integer literal> | <octal integer literal>

154. <decimal integer literal> ::= <decimal numeral> <integer type suffix>?

155. <hex integer literal> ::= <hex numeral> <integer type suffix>?

156. <octal integer literal> ::= <octal numeral> <integer type suffix>?

157. <integer type suffix> ::= ù | L

158. <decimal numeral> ::= 0 | <non zero digit> <digits>?

159. <digits> ::= <digit> | <digits> <digit>

160. <digit> ::= 0 | <non zero digit>

161. <non zero digit> ::= 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

162. <hex numeral> ::= 0 x <hex digit> | 0 X <hex digit> | <hex numeral> <hex digit>

163. <hex digit> :: = 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | a | b | c | d | e | f | A | B | C | D | E | F

164. <octal numeral> ::= 0 <octal digit> | <octal numeral> <octal digit>

165. <octal digit> ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7

166. <floating-point literal> ::= <digits> . <digits>? <exponent part>? <float type suffix>?

| . <digits> <exponent part>? <float type suffix>?

| <digits> <exponent part> <float type suffix>?

| <digits> <exponent part>? <float type suffix>

167. <exponent part> ::= <exponent indicator> <signed integer>

168. <exponent indicator> ::= e | E

169. <signed integer> ::= <sign>? <digits>

170. <sign> ::= + | –

171. <float type suffix> ::= f | F | d | D

172. <boolean literal> ::= true | false

173. <character literal> ::= ' <single character> ' | ' <escape sequence> '

174. <single character> ::= <input character> except ' and \

175. <string literal> ::= " <string characters>?"

176. <string characters> ::= <string character> | <string characters> <string character>

177. <string character> ::= <input character> except " and \ | <escape character>

178. <null literal> ::= null

179. <keyword> ::=

| double |